EPFO · EOAO_2023

S1: Geological mapping, when properly done, demands skill and judgment. S6: Nothing is more naive than to believe that a field geologist should gather only 'facts', the interpretation of which is to be made at a later date. P: While the field work progresses he should conceive as many interpretations as are consistent with the known facts. Q: As the field work progresses and the larger geological picture begins to unfold, experience and judgment are essential if the geologist is to evaluate properly the vast number of facts gathered from thousands of outcrops. R: Such mapping requires keen observation and a knowledge of what data are significant. S: Above all, the field geologist must use the method of "working multiple hypotheses" to deduce the geological structure.

S1: Under the colonial regime, basic infrastructure such as railways, ports, water transport, posts and telegraphs did develop. S6: Naturally, therefore, these areas remained inaccessible to the people. P: There always remained an acute shortage of all-weather roads to reach out to the rural areas during the rainy season. Q: Roads constructed in India prior to the advent of British rule were not fit for modern transport. R: However, the real motive behind this development was not necessarily to provide basic amenities to the people but to subserve various colonial interests. S: The roads that were built primarily served the purposes of mobilizing the army within India and drawing out raw materials from the countryside to the nearest railway station.

S1: Contemporary history is necessary, but it is at best a tentative record. S6: Some portentous events can be seen to be so from the moment of their occurrence, like the discovery of the New World; others of comparable momentousness are hidden in obscurity. P: The relevance of the issue of proportion is significant. Q: It possesses, indeed, a massive supply of public record, but it necessarily lacks the inner knowledge of politicians' minds, of planners' proposals, of scientists' discoveries, of technicians' break-throughs. R: It also lacks perspective since it is bereft of a sense of proportion. S: It is impossible, over just a few years of observation, to estimate accurately the significance of various events.